AS 3990-1993

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Mechanical equipment — Steelwork

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Applies to the design, fabrication, erection, repair and alteration of steelwork associated with boilers, pressure vessels, lifts, cranes, mining equipment, gas and liquid petroleum piping systems, bulk handling equipment, and the like in accordance with the working stress design method, but does not apply to road and rail bridges, material less than 3 mm thick, steel for which the design yield stress exceed 450 MPa, and cold-formed members other than those complying with AS 1163.

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About this publication

PREFACE

1 SCOPE AND GENERAL

1.1 SCOPE

1.2 APPLICATION

1.3 STANDARDS

1.4 NEW MATERIALS OR METHODS

1.5 DESIGN AND SUPERVISION

1.5.1 Design

1.5.2 Supervision

1.6 DEFINITIONS

1.6.1 General

1.6.2 Administrative definitions

1.6.3 Technical definitions

1.6.4 Welding terms

1.7 NOTATION

2 MATERIALS

2.1 STRUCTURAL STEEL

2.1.1 Australian Standards

2.1.2 Other structural steels

2.1.3 Acceptance of steels

2.1.4 Unidentified steel

2.2 FASTENERS AND ELECTRODES

2.2.1 Steel bolts, nuts and washers

2.2.2 Rivets

2.2.3 Electrodes

2.2.4 High strength bolts

2.2.4.1 Storage

2.2.4.2 Bolt length

2.3 STEEL CASTINGS

2.4 CONCRETE

3 GENERAL DESIGN REQUIREMENTS

3.1 LOADS

3.2 DESIGN METHODS

3.2.1 General

3.2.2 Simple design method

3.2.3 Fully rigid design method

3.2.4 Semi-rigid design method

3.2.5 Experimentally based design

3.3 OTHER DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS

3.3.1 Loading combinations

3.3.2 Stability

3.3.3 Lateral forces

3.3.4 Lateral restraining systems

3.3.4.1 General

3.3.4.2 Forces

3.3.4.3 Stiffness

3.3.4.4 Multiple restraints

3.3.4.5 Parallel restrained members

3.3.4.6 Attachment of restraints

3.3.4.7 Critical flange or chord

3.3.5 Deflection

3.3.6 Fatigue

3.3.7 Corrosion protection

3.3.8 Brittle fracture

4 GEOMETRICAL PROPERTIES

4.1 GENERAL

4.2 GEOMETRICAL PROPERTIES FOR CALCULATING BENDING STRESSES

4.3 PLATE THICKNESSES

4.3.1 Plate and flange outstands

4.3.2 Flanges and plates—Unsupported widths

4.3.3 Circular hollow sections

4.4 HOLES

4.4.1 Effective diameters

4.4.2 Combinations of holes

4.5 SECTIONAL AREAS OF BOLTS, SCREWED TENSION RODS AND RIVETS

4.5.1 Bolts and screwed tension rods

4.5.2 Rivets

4.6 MAXIMUM SLENDERNESS RATIOS

5 DESIGN OF BEAMS

5.1 GENERAL

5.2 MAXIMUM PERMISSIBLE STRESS

5.3 MAXIMUM PERMISSIBLE COMPRESSIVE STRESS

5.4 MAXIMUM PERMISSIBLE STRESS IN A BEAM BENT ABOUT THE AXIS OF MAXIMUM STRENGTH

5.4.1 Equal-flange I-beams or channels

5.4.2 Laterally unsupported angle sections

5.4.3 Other sections

5.5 ELASTIC CRITICAL STRESS

5.6 BENDING STRESSES FOR CASED BEAMS

5.7 PURLINS AND GIRTS

5.8 EFFECTIVE SPAN OF BEAMS

5.9 EFFECTIVE LENGTH OF BEAMS FOR LATERAL BUCKLING

5.9.1 General

5.9.2 Restraints

5.9.2.1 Torsional end-restraints

5.9.2.2 Intermediate lateral restraints

5.9.3 Beams without intermediate lateral restraints

5.9.3.1 Restrained against torsion

5.9.3.2 Partially restrained against torsion

5.9.4 Cantilevered beams without intermediate lateral restraints

5.9.5 Beams with intermediate lateral restraint

5.9.5.1 Lateral restraint at intervals

5.9.5.2 Continuous lateral restraint

5.9.6 Beams with critical flange loading unrestrained laterally

5.10 SHEAR

5.10.1 Maximum shear stress

5.10.2 Average shear stress in rolled I-beams and channels, plate girders, box-sections, rectangular and circular hollow sections

5.10.3 Shear stresses in other sections

5.10.4 Effective sectional area

5.11 BEARING STRESSES

5.11.1 Maximum permissible stress

5.11.2 Dispersion of force through flange to web

5.12 FLANGE DETAILS

5.12.1 Flange splices

5.12.1.1 Butt welds

5.12.1.2 Cover plates

5.12.2 Curtailment of flange plates

5.12.3 Connection of flanges to web

5.13 WEB DETAILS

5.13.1 Web plates

5.13.1.1 Minimum thickness

5.13.1.2 Web panel—maximum dimension

5.13.1.3 Splices in webs

5.13.1.4 Side reinforcing plates

5.13.2 Load-bearing web stiffeners

5.13.2.1 All sections

5.13.2.2 Plate girders

5.13.2.3 Design for concentrated force

5.13.2.4 Design for torsional end-restraint

5.13.3 Intermediate web stiffeners for plate girders

5.13.3.1 Vertical stiffeners

5.13.3.2 Horizontal stiffeners

5.13.3.3 External forces on intermediate stiffeners

5.13.3.4 Connection of intermediate stiffeners to web

5.13.3.5 Outstand of all web stiffeners

5.14 SEPARATORS AND DIAPHRAGMS

6 DESIGN OF STRUTS

6.1 AXIAL STRESSES IN UNCASED STRUTS

6.1.1 Struts loaded concentrically

6.1.2 Built-up struts

6.1.3 Slender-leg struts

6.2 AXIAL FORCES IN CASED STRUTS

6.3 EFFECTIVE LENGTH OF STRUTS

6.3.1 General

6.3.2 Sidesway prevented

6.3.3 Sidesway not prevented

6.4 ECCENTRICITY FOR STRUTS

6.4.1 Location of beam reaction

6.4.2 Continuous struts

6.5 SPLICES

6.5.1 Ends of struts prepared for full contact

6.5.2 Ends of struts not prepared for full contact

6.5.3 Arrangement of splices

6.5.4 Minimum forces

6.6 STRUTS WITH TWO OR MORE MAIN COMPONENTS IN CONTACT

6.7 STRUTS WITH TWO SEPARATED COMPONENTS

6.7.1 Design forces for connections

6.7.2 Struts composed of two components back-to-back

6.7.3 Laced struts

6.7.4 Battened struts

6.7.5 Starred angles

6.8 CAPS AND BASES FOR STRUTS

6.8.1 Concentric forces

6.8.2 Eccentric forces and non-rectangular plates

6.8.3 Connection to bases

6.8.4 Encased grillage beams

6.9 BEARING STRESSES

7 DESIGN OF TENSION MEMBERS

7.1 AXIAL STRESSES IN TENSION MEMBERS

7.2 TENSION MEMBERS SUBJECTED TO BENDING

7.3 DISTRIBUTION OF FORCES

7.3.1 End Connections providing uniform force distribution

7.3.2 End connections providing non-uniform force distribution

7.4 TENSION MEMBERS WITH TWO OR MORE MAIN COMPONENTS

7.4.1 General

7.4.2 Design forces for connections

7.4.3 Tension members composed of two components back-to-back

7.4.4 Lacing of tension members

7.4.5 Battening of tension members

7.5 CONNECTIONS

7.5.1 Minimum connections

7.5.2 Splices

7.5.3 Pin connections

7.6 BEARING STRESSES

8 COMBINED STRESSES

8.1 GENERAL

8.2 INDIVIDUAL MOMENTS AND FORCES

8.3 DIRECT STRESS COMBINATIONS

8.3.1 Axial compression and bending

8.3.2 Axial tension and bending

8.3.3 Biaxial bending

9 DESIGN OF CONNECTIONS

9.1 MINIMUM DESIGN FORCE ON CONNECTIONS

9.2 CHOICE OF FASTENERS

9.3 COMBINED CONNECTIONS

9.4 CONNECTION STIFFENERS

9.5 STRESSES IN BOLTS, SCREWED TENSION RODS, RIVETS AND PINS

9.5.1 Forces on bolts and rivets

9.5.2 Permissible stresses in bolts and rivets

9.5.2.1 General

9.5.2.2 Snug tight bolts and rivets

9.6 DESIGN DETAILS FOR FASTENERS

9.6.1 Minimum pitch

9.6.2 Minimum edge distances

9.6.2.1 General

9.6.2.2 Minimum edge distance in direction of component of force

9.6.3 Maximum pitch

9.6.4 Maximum edge distance

9.6.5 Locking of nuts

9.6.6 Long-grip rivets

9.7 DESIGN DETAILS FOR PINS

9.7.1 General

9.7.2 Bending stresses in pins

9.8 WELDS

9.8.1 General

9.8.2 Maximum permissible stresses in welds

9.8.3 Butt welds

9.8.3.1 Continuous incomplete-penetration butt welds

9.8.3.2 Intermittent complete-penetration butt welds

9.8.4 Fillet welds

9.8.4.1 Transverse spacing

9.8.4.2 Intermittent fillet welds—general

9.8.4.3 Intermittent fillet welds, built-up members

9.9 PACKING

9.9.1 Bolts or rivets through packing

9.9.2 Packing in welded construction

10 FABRICATION AND ERECTION

10.1 GENERAL

10.1.1 Inspection

10.1.2 Supply

10.1.3 Correction of faults

10.1.4 Identification

10.1.5 High strength structural bolts

10.2 TOLERANCES

10.2.1 General

10.2.2 Straightness

10.2.3 Length

10.2.4 Full contact splices

10.2.4.1 Machine ends

10.2.4.2 Grouted ends

10.2.4.3 Butt-welded ends

10.2.5 Struts not prepared for full contact

10.3 FABRICATION PROCEDURES

10.3.1 General

10.3.2 Cutting

10.3.3 Welding

10.3.3.1 General

10.3.3.2 Electrodes

10.3.4 Holes for bolts and rivets

10.3.4.1 Sizes

10.3.4.2 Alignment

10.3.4.3 Finishing

10.3.4.4 Punching

10.3.4.5 Flame cutting

10.3.5 Bolting

10.3.5.1 High-strength bolts

10.3.5.2 Other steel bolts

10.3.6 Riveting

10.3.7 Flattening ends of circular hollow sections

10.3.8 Pinned joints

10.3.9 Surface preparation

10.4 ERECTION

10.4.1 Equipment support

10.4.2 Setting out tolerances

10.4.2.1 Level and alignment of beams

10.4.2.2 Alignment and plumbing of struts

10.4.3 Safety during erection

10.4.4 Grouting at supports

10.4.4.1 Strut bases and beams

10.4.4.2 Bedding of grillages on concrete

10.4.4.3 Grouting

APPENDIX A

A1 NOTES ON DEFLECTION

A1.1 General

A1.2 Estimation

A1.3 Special conditions

A1.4 Conclusion

A2 DEFLECTION LIMITS FOR SPECIFIC CASES

A2.1 Beams

A2.2 Purlins, girts, secondary members

A2.3 Industrial buildings

APPENDIX B

B1 GENERAL

B2 LOADS AND STRESS CONCENTRATIONS

B3 LOADING CONDITIONS AND TYPE AND LOCATION OF MATERIAL

B4 MAXIMUM PERMISSIBLE STRESSES

B5 RIVETED AND BOLTED CONNECTIONS

B5.1 Connections made with bolts complying with AS 1252 and subject to tensile fatigue loading

B5.2 Other mechanical fasteners subject to tensile fatigue loading

B5.3 Rivets, bolts and threaded parts subjected to cyclic loading in shear

APPENDIX C

C1 GENERAL

APPENDIX D

APPENDIX E

E1 EFFECTIVE LENGTH OF STRUTS IN RECTANGULAR FRAMES

E1.1 General

E1.2 Sidesway prevented

E1.3 Sidesway not prevented

E1.4 Notation

E1.5 Application

E1.5.1 Assumptions

E1.5.2 Use of chart

E2 EFFECTIVE LENGTH OF STRUTS IN TRIANGULATED FRAMES

APPENDIX F

F1 GENERAL

F2 JOINTS SUBJECT TO AN APPLIED TENSILE FORCE ONLY IN THE DIRECTION OF THE BOLT AXIS

F3 FRICTION-TYPE JOINTS

F3.1 General

F3.2 Joints subject to shear force only

F3.3 Joints subject to shear and tensile forces

F3.4 Limitation of transmitted forces

F4 BEARING-TYPE JOINTS

F4.1 Limitations on bearing-type joints

F4.2 Joints subject to shear force only

F4.3 Joints subject to shear and tensile forces

F4.4 Limitation of transmitted forces

F5 PACKING

F5.1 Friction-type joints

F5.2 Bearing-type joints

F6 IDENTIFICATION

APPENDIX G

G1 FABRIC ATION

G1.1 Holes in members

G1.2 Preparation of surfaces in contact

G1.2.1 General

G1.2.2 Friction-type joints

G1.2.3 Bearing-type joints

G1.3 Identification

G2 ASSEMBLY

G2.1 Procedure

G2.1.1 Number of washers

G2.1.2 Tapered washers

G2.1.3 Placement of nuts

G2.1.4 Packing

G2.1.5 Alignment of parts

G2.1.6 Tightening pattern

G2.1.7 Retensioning

G2.2 Methods of tensioning

G3 INSPECTION

G3.1 General

G3.2 Tensioning procedures

G4 INSPECTION OF BOLT TENSION USING A TORQUE WRENCH

G5 STANDARD TEST FOR EVALUATION OF SLIP FACTOR