AS 1375-2013

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Industrial fuel-fired appliances

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Sets out requirements and safety principles relating to the design, installation, and operation of industrial appliances that involve the combustion of gas or liquid fuel, or other fuel in air suspension, or the generation of combustible vapours in such appliances.

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About this publication

PREFACE

FOREWORD

1 SCOPE AND GENERAL

1.1 SCOPE

1.2 APPLICATION

1.3 NEW DESIGNS AND INNOVATIONS

1.4 REFERENCED DOCUMENTS

1.5 DEFINITIONS

2 APPLIANCE DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION

2.1 GENERAL DESIGN

2.1.1 Appliance design

2.1.2 Ladders or steps

2.1.3 Protection of equipment

2.1.4 Accumulation within cavity walls

2.1.5 Insulation

2.1.6 Ignition hazards

2.1.7 Strength of doors

2.1.8 Prevention of accidental fires

2.1.9 Free circulation

2.1.10 Adjusting devices

2.1.11 Air inlet guards

2.1.12 Systems for heating by hot fluids

2.1.13 Electrical equipment

2.1.14 Gas piping, fittings and components

2.2 MATERIALS

2.2.1 Suitability

2.2.2 Combustibility

2.3 SAFETY OF PERSONNEL

2.3.1 Working inside appliances

2.3.2 Door handles

2.3.3 Injury or burns

2.3.4 Projections

2.3.5 Explosion reliefs

2.4 OPERATING AND MAINTENANCE PROVISIONS

2.4.1 Control and safety equipment

2.4.2 Automatic appliance management systems

2.4.3 Manual functions

2.4.4 Flame to be visible to maintenance personnel

2.4.5 Visual indication of flame to operator

2.4.6 Removable components

2.4.7 Special tools

2.4.8 Cleaning

2.4.9 Maintenance provisions

2.5 EXPLOSION DAMAGE PROTECTION

2.5.1 Provision of protection

2.5.2 Explosion relief operation

2.5.3 Explosion relief location

2.6 TEMPERATURE HAZARDS

2.6.1 Components, floors, walls

2.6.2 Power failure

2.7 INSTRUCTIONS

2.7.1 Instructions

2.7.2 Additional information

2.8 MARKING

2.8.1 Appliance data

2.8.2 Special purpose appliance data

2.8.3 Indicators, gauges, and controls

2.8.4 Emergency stops

2.8.5 Colour code

3 COMBUSTION SYSTEM

3.1 GENERAL

3.1.1 General suitability

3.1.2 Requirements for a burner which can be retracted or swivelled

3.1.3 Fuel remaining in burner

3.2 IGNITION SYSTEM CONSTRUCTION

3.2.1 Location and fixing

3.2.2 Spark-ignition system

3.2.3 Manual ignition systems

3.2.3.1 Requirements for a manually-inserted gas torch

3.2.3.2 Point of ignition to be accessible

3.2.3.3 Explosion relief to be provided for a manually-ignited burner

3.3 SUPERVISION, CONTROL AND SAFE PROCEDURES

3.3.1 Introduction

3.3.2 General requirements

3.3.3 Automatic systems

3.3.4 Manual systems

3.3.5 Interlocking controls

3.4 STARTING AND IGNITION

3.4.1 Ignition procedures

3.4.2 Performance

3.4.3 Attempted re-ignition

3.4.4 Ignition during purging

3.4.5 Safe start check

3.4.6 Multiple main burner appliances

3.4.7 Sequential ignition of multiple main burners

3.4.8 Simultaneous ignition of multiple main burners

3.5 FLAME FAILURE DURING OPERATION

3.5.1 Flame supervision and failure protection

3.5.2 Flame failure response time

3.5.3 Relighting after flame failure

3.5.4 Extraneous ignition sources

3.6 MULTIFUEL FIRING

3.6.1 Application

3.6.2 Alternative firing

3.6.3 Simultaneous firing

3.7 SHUTDOWN PROCEDURES

3.7.1 Safety

3.7.2 Normal shutdown

3.7.3 Abnormal shutdown

3.8 PURGING

3.8.1 When to purge

3.8.2 Method of purging

3.8.3 Completeness of purging

3.8.4 Manually controlled purging

3.8.5 Proof of purge air

3.8.6 Dampers

4 CONTROL OF NON – FUEL COMBUSTIBLE ATMOSPHERES

4.1 SCOPE OF SECTION

4.2 PREVENTION AND RELIEF OF EXPLOSIONS

4.2.1 Explosion prevention

4.2.2 High concentration of volatiles

4.2.3 Explosion relief

4.2.4 Exceptions to provision of explosion relief on solvent ovens

4.2.5 Processes with solvents or combustible dust

4.2.5.1 Provision of dilution air

4.2.5.2 Recirculation air fans

4.2.5.3 Monitoring of solvent %LEL20 for variable dilution rates

4.2.6 Monitoring of input of releasable flammable substances

4.2.7 Appliances that operate without sources of ignition

4.3 AIR DILUTION AND PURGING

4.3.1 Method of providing dilution air

4.3.2 Dilution air quantities

4.3.2.1 Combustible atmospheres—dusts

4.3.2.2 Combustible atmospheres—solvents and combustible gases

4.3.3 Air distribution

4.3.4 Purging

4.4 VAPOUR AND DUST REMOVAL

4.4.1 Safe disposal

4.4.2 Incineration

4.4.2.1 General

4.4.2.2 Incineration of high %LEL20 concentration exhaust with inerting

4.4.2.3 Other incineration applications

4.4.3 Leakage of hazardous materials

5 INSTALLATION, COMMISSIONING, AND OPERATION

5.1 INSTALLATION REQUIREMENTS

5.1.1 Instructions

5.1.2 Defective equipment

5.1.3 Suitability for fuel, electricity

5.2 STANDARDS FOR WORKMANSHIP AND GOOD PRACTICE

5.2.1 Materials

5.2.2 Finish

5.2.3 Connection of services

5.3 LOCATION AND ACCESS

5.3.1 Building safety

5.3.2 Building structures

5.3.3 Safety and convenience

5.3.4 Combustible materials

5.3.5 Clearance for explosion relief

5.3.6 Explosion relief protection

5.3.7 Appliance security

5.3.8 Gas vent discharge

5.3.9 Foundations, supports

5.3.10 Lighting

5.3.11 Location of controls

5.4 FRESH AIR SUPPLY

5.4.1 Air supply

5.4.2 Air entries

5.4.3 Fan failure

5.5 FUEL SUPPLY SYSTEM

5.5.1 Fuel shut-off

5.5.2 Gas supply system

5.5.3 Liquid fuel supply system

5.5.4 Solid fuel systems

5.6 COMMISSIONING

5.6.1 Commissioning agent

5.6.2 Information

5.6.3 Data and reports

6 FLUES (CHIMNEYS), EXHAUST SYSTEMS AND DUCTS

6.1 GENERAL

6.1.1 Rationale

6.1.2 Removal of products of combustion

6.1.3 Provision of exhaust systems

6.1.4 Flues separate from exhausts

6.1.5 Common exhaust systems

6.1.6 Temperature hazards and comfort

6.1.7 Terminals for flues and exhaust ducts

6.2 FLUE DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION

6.2.1 Construction

6.2.2 Performance

6.2.3 Common flues

6.2.4 Power flues

6.3 FLUE SUPPORTS

6.3.1 Direct-mounted flues

6.3.2 Free-standing flues

6.3.3 Guys, stays and supports

6.4 EARTHING

6.5 FLUE DAMPERS

6.5.1 Damper/fuel interlock

6.5.2 Damper settings

6.6 DUCTS

6.6.1 Construction

6.6.2 Joints

6.6.3 Cleaning

6.6.4 Condensation provisions

6.6.5 Dampers

7 ADDITIONAL REQUIREMENTS FOR LIQUID FUEL-FIRING SYSTEMS

7.1 GENERAL

7.2 LIQUID FUEL BURNER STARTING SYSTEMS

7.3 LIQUID FUEL PRE-TREATMENT

7.4 CONTROLS AND SAFETY DEVICES

7.4.1 General

7.4.2 Safety shut-off valve system requirements for liquid fuel supplies

7.4.2.1 Safety shut-off devices

7.4.2.2 Burners with a flow rate ≤30 kg/h

7.4.2.3 Burners with a flow rate >30 kg/h

7.4.2.4 Specific requirements for oils with viscosity exceeding 15 mm2/s (Centistokes) at 20°C

APPENDIX A

APPENDIX B

B1 GENERAL

B2 REGULAR TESTING

B3 PERSONNEL AND ORGANIZATION

B4 GENERAL OUTLINE OF PROCEDURES

B5 TESTING SCHEDULES

APPENDIX C

APPENDIX D

D1 METHODS, LIMITING CONDITIONS AND ALTERNATIVES

D2 SYMBOLS

D3 CALCULATING THE CRITICAL TIME, CASE A

D4 DERIVATION OF FORMULAS, CASE A

D5 CALCULATING THE CRITICAL TIME, CASE B

D6 DERIVATION OF FORMULA, CASE B

D7 DERIVATION OF FORMULA, CASE C

D8 EXAMPLES

D8.1 General

D8.2 Case A—using Equation D1

D8.3 Case A—using Equation D2

D8.4 Case B—Calculation method

D8.5 Case B—Using Figure D1

D8.6 Case C

APPENDIX E

E1 INTRODUCTION

E2 OUTLINE OF DESIGN PROCEDURE

E3 SYMBOLS

E4 DETERMINATION OF MAXIMUM ALLOWABLE PRESSURE

E4.1 Objective

E4.2 Determination of strength

E5 DETERMINATION OF RELIEF VENT AREA

E6 DETERMINATION OF THE OPENING CHARACTERISTICS OF THE RELIEF VENT CLOSURE

E6.1 Introduction

E6.2 Mass-gravity closure

E6.3 Hinged panels

E6.4 Closure that bursts to relieve pressure

E6.5 Spring-loaded panels

E7 LOCATION OF RELIEF VENTS ON APPLIANCES

E8 REFERENCES

APPENDIX F

F1 INTRODUCTION

F2 CALCULATION OF DILUTION AIRFLOW RATE

F3 DETERMINATION OF V

F4 DETERMINATION OF A

F5 DETERMINATION OF VA

F5.1 General

F5.2 Calculation when either V or A is unknown

F5.3 Calculation for mixed solvents

F6 DETERMINATION OF C

F6.1 General

F6.2 Determination of C for dust

F6.3 Simplified determination of C for solvent ovens

F7 DETERMINATION OF Q

F7.1 Continuous process oven

F7.2 Batch process ovens

F8 DETERMINATION OF F

F9 EXAMPLES OF CALCULATIONS

F9.1 Continuous oven

F9.2 Batch oven, below 120°C

F9.3 Batch oven, above 120°C

F10 MAXIMUM ALLOWABLE %LEL20 AT THE OPERATING TEMPERATURES

F10.1 General

F10.2 Combustible atmospheres—Solvents and combustible gases with sources of ignition

F10.3 Combustible atmospheres—solvents and combustible gases without sources of ignition

F11 EXAMPLES USING FIGURE 1 SOLVENT DRYING PROCESSES

F11.1 Continuous oven

F11.2 Continuous oven

F11.3 Fume incineration system connected to the print dryer

APPENDIX G

G1 FLUE GASES

APPENDIX H

H1 SCOPE

H2 STAGE 1: PRELIMINARY INSPECTION

H3 STAGE 2: ACTIVATION—RUN WITHOUT FUEL

H4 STAGE 3: ACTIVATION—RUN WITH FUEL

H5 STAGE 4: OPERATION

H6 STAGE 5: COMPLETION

APPENDIX I

I1 INTRODUCTION

I2 HAZOP OBJECTIVES

I3 SETTING UP A HAZOP

I4 INFORMATION REQUIRED

I5 HAZOP PROCEDURE

I6 HAZOP KEY WORDS

I6.1 Primary keywords (parameters)

I6.2 Secondary keywords (guidewords)

I7 HAZOP STUDY TEAM COMPOSITION

I8 RECORD KEEPING

I9 BENEFITS OF HAZOPs

APPENDIX J

APPENDIX K

APPENDIX L

APPENDIX M

APPENDIX N